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9ª Parte do livro – IDENTIFICAÇÃO MACROSCÓPICA DE MADEIRAS COMERCIAIS DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO

Conhecer o que usamos é importante para podermos melhor utilizar, no caso da madeira isso é importante por que precisamos usa-la de forma consciente e responsável.

A sustentabilidade da madeira como em qualquer outro assunto só acontece com conhecimento, sabendo a melhor aplicabilidade, com a manutenção preventiva adequada, com informações claras e precisas. Cada tipo de essência tem sua particularidade, algumas são mais duras e outras mais moles, tem as que são mais claras e com desenhos mais aparentes, outras mais escuras e tem um padrão de desenho mais dificil de enxergar.

Mas o importante nisso tudo é lembrar que todos são responsáveis pela sustentabilidade da madeira, procure empresas que acreditem no Plano de Manejo Sustentável e que vendam madeira nativa com Documento de Origem Florestal (DOF) emitido pelo site do IBAMA.

Hoje a parte do livro fala da metodologia. Esse topico será dividido em 3 parte.

1ª parte – Metodologia

A Papiro Madeiras apoia o Manejo Florestal!

METODOLOGIA

Figura 12. Posição correta do microscópio eletrônico portátil sobre a amostra.

O microscópio portátil Dino Lite 313T, com suporte de base fixa e com aumento de até 200 vezes, é utilizado  para a obtenção de imagens. Entretanto,  o aumento necessário para se realizar a identificação macroscópica é de 10 vezes. Para tanto, a amostra deve ficar posicionada a 2 cm de distância (mais ou menos a distância de um dedo), fazendo foco no próprio microscópio portátil,    conforme o exemplo Figura 12. Atualmente, existem aplicativos com lupas e também lentes acopladas nos celulares que têm 10 vezes de aumento, tornando mais fácil a obtenção das imagens nos planos (transversal e tangencial) da madeira.

Após esses procedimentos, salvam- se as imagens para serem enviadas diretamente para a equipe de especialistas em identificação de madeira  por  meio  de e-mail, no qual deve conter: nome do policial e batalhão, número do  boletim  de ocorrência, Documento de Origem Florestal (DOF), fotos numeradas e, quando possível, a indicação do nome (popular/ vulgar ou científico) da madeira indicado pelo madeireiro ou aquele que consta no DOF. Esses dados são importantes para elaboração do LAUDO TÉCNICO.

Para a elaboração da lista das características anatômicas da madeira (qualitativas e quantitativas), foram utilizadas as seguintes referências: Copant (1969), Wheeler et al. (1989) e Coradin & Muniz (1992).

Todas as medições devem ser realizadas com o auxílio da escala graduada, a qual deve ser colocada entre a superfície polida da madeira e a lupa de 10 vezes de aumento.

As observações precisam ser realizadas em um ambiente claro, o que melhora a visualização das estruturas anatômicas. Para ressaltar algumas características anatômicas, algumas vezes, é necessário umedecer as amostras.

PARÊNQUIMA AXIAL: visível no plano transversal.

PLANO TRANSVERSAL

VISIBILIDADE:

  • Visível a olho nu: somente quando é possível fazer a distinção.
  • Visível somente sob lente de 10 vezes de aumento.
  • Indistinto: quando não é observado nem com auxílio da lupa de 10 vezes de aumento.

CONTRASTE: contraste entre a cor das fibras e do parênquima axial.

  • Contrastado (Figura 13 A).
  • Pouco contrastado (Figura 13 B)
a

Figura 13. Contraste do parênquima axial (Tr).

  1. Parênquima axial contrastado – Hymenolobium sp.

Parênquima axial pouco contrastado – Cedrelinga sp.

b

DISPOSIÇÃO: posição do parênquima axial em relação aos vasos.

  • Apotraqueal: quando não está associado aos vasos.
  • Difusa (Figura 14 A): quando as células do parênquima axial se distribuem isoladamente entre as fibras.
  • Difusa-em-agregados (Figura 14 B): quando as células do parênquima axial tendem a formar pequenas linhas curtas e interrompidas.

Figura 14. Parênquima axial apotraqueal (Tr).


a.   Parênquima axial difuso – Endopleura sp.

b. Parênquima axial difuso-em-agregados – Caryocar sp.

PARATRAQUEAL: quando está associado aos vasos.

  • Escasso (Figura 15 A): quando ocorrem algumas concentrações de células irregularmente dispostas ao redor dos vasos.
  • Vasicêntrico (Figura 15 B): quando as células do parênquima axial envolvem completamente os vasos formando uma aréola.

Figura 15. Parênquima axial paratraqueal (Tr).

a. Parênquima axial escasso – Mezilaurus sp.

b. Parênquima axial vasicêntrico – Enterolobium contortisiliquum.

  • Aliforme: quando as células do arênquima axial envolvem completamente os  vasos,  formando   alas,   semelhantes a asas.
  • Losangular (Figura 16 A): formando prolongamentos laterais aos vasos em forma de losangos.
  • Linear (Figura 16 B): quando forma prolongamentos laterais aos vasos em forma de linhas.

Figura 16. Parênquima axial paratraqueal (Tr).

b. Parênquima axial linear – Jacaranda sp.

https://www.infraestruturameioambiente.sp.gov.br/institutoflorestal/2020/09/identificacao-macroscopica-de-madeiras-comerciais-do-estado-de-sao-paulo/

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