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4ª Parte do livro :

ESPÉCIES ARBÓREAS PRODUTORAS DE MADEIRA (IDENTIFICAÇÃO MACROSCÓPICA DE MADEIRAS COMERCIAIS DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO (2020))

Hoje vamos falar de anatomia da madeira, esse tópico será dividido em duas partes.

O conhecimento que estamos adquirindo através da leitura desse livro nos ajuda a entender melhor o comportamento do nosso produto.

Boa leitura!!!

A Papiro Madeiras apoia o Manejo Florestal!

ANATOMIA DA MADEIRA – PARTE I

A anatomia da madeira (anatomia é proveniente do grego anatomé, que significa incisão, dissecação) é um segmento da botânica que estuda os diversos tipos de célula, que constituem  o  lenho  (madeira  ou  xilema  secundário – xilema é um termo derivado do grego xylon, que significa madeira), suas funções, sua organização, suas peculiaridades estruturais e suas relações com a atividade biológica do vegetal.

A identificação de a árvore (classificação    taxonômica) é            realizada considerando suas características morfológicas, como folhas e casca, e, principalmente, seus órgãos reprodutores, como flores e frutos. A presença dos órgãos reprodutivos em uma árvore é sazonal e depende da fenologia de cada espécie, o que, muitas vezes, dificulta a identificação em levantamentos florísticos. Entretanto, quando a árvore cortada e, posteriormente, sua madeira é desdobrada                     e essas características morfológicas são eliminadas, impossibilitando sua identificação por meio de caracteres morfológicos.

É  nesse  momento   que   se   nota   a importância do conhecimento das características  anatômicas,   para   que   se possa realizar a identificação da madeira de forma correta e confiável. Assim, duas abordagens são  utilizadas na  identificação:  a   macroscópica,   que é subdividida em sensoriais, que são utilizadas pelos  conhecedores  práticos de madeira, principalmente marceneiros, moveleiros, carpinteiros, escultores, entalhadores etc., e anatômicas, em que a observação das características da madeira é realizada a olho nu ou usando lupa com até 10 vezes de aumento; e a microscópica, em que cortes histológicos da madeira são analisados com um microscópio óptico.

As características sensoriais ou organolépticas incluem cor, odor, gosto, brilho, desenho, textura, grã, peso e dureza, e são de grande importância, mas, ficam em segundo lugar, porque, apesar de serem observadas primeiramente, não definem gêneros e espécies, uma vez que a maioria dos gêneros tem características semelhantes.

A maior parte das madeiras apresentam uma variação de cor entre o cerne  (células  fisiologicamente  inativas  e mais próximas ao centro) e o alburno (células fisiologicamente ativas e mais próximas à casca).

Há uma grande variação nas  cores do cerne das madeiras brasileiras, desde o esbranquiçado (pau-marfim, Balfourodendron riedelianum) ao enegrecido (pau-santo, Zollernia sp.), passando pelo amarelado (pau-amarelo, Euxylophora paraensis), marrom acastanhado (mogno, Swietenia macrophylla), bege-rosado (peroba-rosa, Aspidosperma polyneuron) e avermelhado (conduru, falso-pau-brasil, Brosimum rubescens). Ocorrem ainda algumas madeiras cujo cerne apresenta colorações intrínsecas, como arroxeado (pau-roxo, Peltogyne sp.), rajado (angelim- rajado, Zygia racemosa, sin.: Marmaroxylon racemosum) e com aspecto fibroso (realce entre as fibras escuras e as células de parênquima axial, que são claras), como nas madeiras  de  sucupira  (Bowdichia  sp., Sweetia sp., Diplotropis sp.), angelim (Hymenolobium sp.), cumaru (Dipteryx sp.), entre outras.

Em algumas madeiras, o alburno escurece quando entra em contato com o ar (oxidação) ou com metais. Por exemplo: tatajuba (Bagassa guianensis), cupiúba (Goupia glabra) e oiticica (Clarisia racemosa). Esse fenômeno pode ocorrer também no cerne de algumas madeiras.

As madeiras de cerne escuro são em geral mais duráveis, pois comumente possuem depósitos (taninos e resinas), o que faz com que sejam mais  resistentes ao ataque de agentes  xilófagos,  do  que as de cerne claro (consideradas madeiras brancas), que, muitas vezes, são madeiras moles, leves e macias.

Algumas espécies  apresentam odor e gosto  característicos  por  causa  da presença de substâncias voláteis que  se concentram no cerne, o que pode facilitar sua identificação. O odor pode ser: agradável, por exemplo, cerejeira (Amburana cearensis), imbuia (Ocotea porosa), bálsamo/cabriúva (Myroxylum sp.) e canela-sassafrás (Ocotea odorifera); ou desagradável, como cupiúba (Goupia glabra), angelim-vermelho (Dinizia excelsa), canela-fedida (Ocotea sp.) e tauari-fedido (Couratari sp.). Essas madeiras não são indicadas para partes internas ou aparentes de estruturas de cobertura. Já o gosto pode ser amargo (angelim-amargoso, Vatairea guianensis), adocicado (cerejeira, Amburana cearensis), adstringente (aroeira, Myracrodruon urundeuva) e ácido (pequi- vinagreiro, Caryocar edule).

continua…

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